Solutions for Challenging Counting Problems

Counting can seem like an easy task to perform. As we go deeper into the area of mathematics known as combinatorics, we realize that we come across some large numbers. Since the factorial shows up so often, and a number such as 10! is greater than three million, counting problems can get complicated very quickly if we attempt to list out all of the possibilities. Sometimes when we consider all of the possibilities that our counting problems can take on, its easier to think through the underlying principles of the problem. This strategy can take much less time than trying brute force to list out a number of combinations or permutations. The question How many ways can something be done? is a different question entirely from What are the ways that something can be done? We will see this idea at work in the following set of challenging counting problems. The following set of questions involves the word TRIANGLE. Note that there are a total of eight letters. Let it be understood that the vowels of the word TRIANGLE are AEI, and the consonants of the word TRIANGLE are LGNRT. For a real challenge, before reading further check out a version of these problems without solutions. The Problems How many ways can the letters of the word TRIANGLE be arranged?Solution: Here there are a total of eight choices for the first letter, seven for the second, six for the third, and so on. By the multiplication principle we multiply for a total of 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 8! 40,320 different ways.How many ways can the letters of the word TRIANGLE be arranged if the first three letters must be RAN (in that exact order)?Solution: The first three letters have been chosen for us, leaving us five letters. After RAN we have five choices for the next letter followed by four, then three, then two then one. By the multiplication principle, there are 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 5! 120 ways to arrange the letters in a specified way.How many ways can the letters of the word TRIANGLE be arranged if the first three letters must be RAN (in any order)?Solution: Look at this as two independent tasks: the first arranging the letters RAN, and the second arranging the other five letters. There are 3! 6 wa ys to arrange RAN and 5! Ways to arrange the other five letters. So there are a total of 3! x 5! 720 ways to arrange the letters of TRIANGLE as specified.How many ways can the letters of the word TRIANGLE be arranged if the first three letters must be RAN (in any order) and the last letter must be a vowel?Solution: Look at this as three tasks: the first arranging the letters RAN, the second choosing one vowel out of I and E, and the third arranging the other four letters. There are 3! 6 ways to arrange RAN, 2 ways to choose a vowel from the remaining letters and 4! Ways to arrange the other four letters. So there are a total of 3! X 2 x 4! 288 ways to arrange the letters of TRIANGLE as specified.How many ways can the letters of the word TRIANGLE be arranged if the first three letters must be RAN (in any order) and the next three letters must be TRI (in any order)?Solution: Again we have three tasks: the first arranging the letters RAN, the second arranging the letters TRI, and th e third arranging the other two letters. There are 3! 6 ways to arrange RAN, 3! ways to arrange TRI and two ways to arrange the other letters. So there are a total of 3! x 3! X 2 72 ways to arrange the letters of TRIANGLE as indicated.How many different ways can the letters of the word TRIANGLE be arranged if the order and the placement of the vowels IAE cannot be changed?Solution: The three vowels must be kept in the same order. Now there are a total of five consonants to arrange. This can be done in 5! 120 ways.How many different ways can the letters of the word TRIANGLE be arranged if the order of the vowels IAE cannot be changed, though their placement may (IAETRNGL and TRIANGEL are acceptable but EIATRNGL and TRIENGLA are not)?Solution: This is best thought of in two steps. Step one is to choose the places that the vowels go. Here we are picking three places out of eight, and the order that we do this is not important. This is a combination and there are a total of C(8,3) 5 6 ways to perform this step. The remaining five letters may be arranged in 5! 120 ways. This gives a total of 56 x 120 6720 arrangements.How many different ways can the letters of the word TRIANGLE be arranged if the order of the vowels IAE can be changed, though their placement may not?Solution: This is really the same thing as #4 above, but with different letters. We arrange three letters in 3! 6 ways and the other five letters in 5! 120 ways. The total number of ways for this arrangement is 6 x 120 720.How many different ways can six letters of the word TRIANGLE be arranged?Solution: Since we are talking about an arrangement, this is a permutation and there are a total of P( 8, 6) 8!/2! 20,160 ways.How many different ways can six letters of the word TRIANGLE be arranged if there must be an equal number of vowels and consonants?Solution: There is only one way to select the vowels we are going to place. Choosing the consonants can be done in C(5, 3) 10 ways. There are then 6! ways to arrange the six letters. Multiply these numbers together for the result of 7200.How many different ways can six letters of the word TRIANGLE be arranged if there must be at least one consonant?Solution: Every arrangement of six letters satisfies the conditions, so there are P(8, 6) 20,160 ways.How many different ways can six letters of the word TRIANGLE be arranged if the vowels must alternate with consonants?Solution: There are two possibilities, the first letter is a vowel or the first letter is a consonant. If the first letter is a vowel we have three choices, followed by five for a consonant, two for a second vowel, four for a second consonant, one for the last vowel and three for the last consonant. We multiply this to obtain 3 x 5 x 2 x 4 x 1 x 3 360. By symmetry arguments, there are the same number of arrangements that start with a consonant. This gives a total of 720 arrangements.How many different sets of four letters can be formed from the word TRIANGLE?Soluti on: Since we are talking about a set of four letters from a total of eight, the order is not important. We need to calculate the combination C(8, 4) 70.How many different sets of four letters can be formed from the word TRIANGLE that has two vowels and two consonants?Solution: Here we are forming our set in two steps. There are C(3, 2) 3 ways to choose two vowels from a total of 3. There are C(5, 2) 10 ways to choose to consonants from the five available. This gives a total of 3x10 30 sets possible.How many different sets of four letters can be formed from the word TRIANGLE if we want at least one vowel?Solution: This can be calculated as follows: The number of sets of four with one vowel is C(3, 1) x C( 5, 3) 30.The number of sets of four with two vowels is C(3, 2) x C( 5, 2) 30.The number of sets of four with three vowels is C(3, 3) x C( 5, 1) 5. This gives a total of 65 different sets. Alternately we could calculate that there are 70 ways to form a set of any four letters, and subtract the C(5, 4) 5 ways of obtaining a set with no vowels.

One More Show Essay - 792 Words

One More Show By age of seven I was sick of school and I wanted out by whatever means. I went Dorsa elementary school, a local school in East Side San Jose. Coming from a Latino background, I was at a disadvantage because English was not my first language. So fix this the principle Mrs. Rodriguez decided to have an after school program with the parents permission of course. This program was meant to keep non native-english speakers for an one to two hours after school. Being in class was hard enough because I didn’t understand what the teachers were saying, or cared about what we learning. I used to sit in the back small classroom, staring at the white board or wall, dazed into space. Sometimes I used to doodle on my class†¦show more content†¦After getting home I usually took a quick nap then enjoy the day watching cartoons. This cartoons where shows like Clifford, whats New Scooby Doo, Ed Edd n Eddy, Codename Kids Next Door, Johnny Bravo, Static Shock, Justice League Samurai Jack, Top Cat, Robot Boy etc. While watching the cartoons I used mimic what t he characters were saying. Some examples when I watch Ed Edd n Eddy I used say phrases like â€Å"dork,† â€Å"sockhead,† â€Å"Son of a Shepherd† †¦. Ironically this how I learned how to speak, write, and read English, as well as draw. Sometimes for the fun of it I used to draw cartoon characters because I like how they look. I sat down grabbed a random paper, crayons and draw what I remembered about a character. This where my passion for drawing came from. Unfortunately, not everyone agrees with my method since they found it was considered ditching. I been sent multiple times to Mrs. Rodriquez office and she always ask me â€Å"Why do I ditch† or â€Å"How do it†. I replied I just climb the fence and because is boring. My used to come to the office as I waited for her in an empty room. The principle would tell me that she was worried about me since she believed I wasnt learning, and she gave my mom statistics stating if I keep this behavior at an early age I would end up dropping out in the future and possibly incarcerated. I never believe this because I knew I wasnt a bad kid I just taught it was morally wrong to force a go learn against his or her will in anShow MoreRelatedOne More Show Essay Example998 Words   |  4 Pages One More Show By age of seven I was sick of school and I wanted out by whatever means. I went Dorsa elementary school, a local school in East Side San Jose. Coming from a Latino background, I was at a disadvantage because English was not my first language. So fix this the principle Mrs. Rodriguez decided to have an after school program with the parents permission of course. This program was meant to keep non native-english speakers for a one to two hours after school. 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Some of the essays were very helpful they help develop our writing skills and how to be more descriptive in our essays. For the student learning outcome the essays should be interesting for the student to feel involved when talking about the essays. Many of the essays in our book were relatable to many students, yet there was one essay thatRead MoreTv, Bad Influence on Kids Essay637 Words   |  3 Pagestwo, 2-page essays for this assignment: Essay 1--Persuade your reader to accept the argument, that television programming such as MTV is corrupting young children. (the pro side) Essay 2--Persuade your reader to reject the argument, and defend the credibility of television programming such as MTV. (the con side) Essay should be well reasoned and include references to support your conclusion. Please submit both essays together as one assignment in the space below. Label each essay with the subheading:

Advertising and Marketing Blog

Question: Discuss about the Advertising and Marketing Blog. Answer: Introduction: The five ethical principles of advertising industry are as follows: 1. Truth in advertising: According to law, there should be truth in every advertisement and varied bodies have been created to ensure the same. They should not be deceptive or unfair. Advertisers must ensure that they have the evidence to back up the advertisements and claims that they make. 2. Educating professionals: It is been stated that all marketing/ advertising professionals should be made aware, educated and trained to understand that the information provided to the public should be the truth in the best of its capacity and the information should not be misleading in any circumstance. 3. Distinguishing information: advertisers must ensure that they clearly distinguish the type of advertisement clearly before it is made public. There should be a clear distinction between editorial content, entertainment and news. This should be clear both offline and online. This should be done to ensure that the information is not confusing and misleading on part of the consumers. 4. Disclosure of information: Advertisers must ensure that they disclose every information relative to every advertisement at the time of showcase. All material information especially in case of endorsements should be done to avoid any problems. Transparency should be maintained in all circumstances i.e. even on social media. Authenticity of the advertisement should not be held in any case. 5. Personal Privacy should not be compromised: advertisers must ensure that they do not compromise on the privacy of the participants of an advertisements without taking consent from the people involved. This factor has to be specifically taken into consideration while marketing on social media and through online channels (MDG Advertising, 2011). Define what is meant by industry, services, products and organization within the advertising context. Then provide a list of real life example of an organization covering all the items. Item Definition Example Industry Industry specifically aimed at manufacturers who market or advertise their products so as to sell them to the consumers. Industry may also entail considering a particular group of firms that have the common objective. FMCG Services Services entail the provision of advertising the product or service of another firm. Services may mean the offerings of the advertising company or the offerings of the firm for which the advertising company may work. When an IT company advertises the Services it offers through Social Media such as Infosys Products Products are specifically the object that has to be advertised by a marketing agency to the target consumers and the formulate marketing strategies based on the advertisement of a particular product for a company. Shampoos Organization Organization is a company that hires an advertising agency for the purpose of advertising its products through varied means i.e. offline and online. An organization may hire one or more advertising companies to market the varied products that it offers to the different segments of consumers. Nestle List and describe five content of an advertising brief. Content Description of Importance 1. Background It is extremely important to understand the background of a particular product before the marketing of the product is carried out. This factor must primarily factors about the brand such as philosophy, personality, pricing, sales pitch and initial research (Crichton, 2013). 2. Competition It is vital to understand the number and nature of the competitors of the brand in question in the market. Products and services of the biggest and the smallest competitors should be accounted. Also, the future vision of the competitors must also be discussed. Examples and weblinks should be considered (Crichton, 2013). 3. What? This factor entails the understanding of the output expected by the customer. This means that the type of activity that the customer wants the advertising company to conduct in order to market the product in the best possible manner. Example, website, conference, event etc (Crichton, 2013). 4. Why? This factor explains the need to understand why the activity needs to be done. The objective in question must be well understood and outlined to ensure that the purpose of the advertisement is achieved in the best possible manner at the end of the day (Crichton, 2013). 5. Who? This factor helps in understanding the target audience of the organization, product or service for whom the campaign has to be made. It has to be understood if the consumers are individuals, businesses, children or elderly people. Based on this factor, the campaign can take a major change (Crichton, 2013). Define Campaign Objectives The Objectives of the Campaign are as follows: Specific: To make the brand more visible on Social Media Websites To increase the overall effectiveness of campaign on the sales and business of the company as a whole To enable the company get more interaction on part of the potential customers on social media To understand the requirements of customers to make feasible changes in the product in order to make it more saleable for the company To know about the requirements of the other customers across the globe. The objective will be completed based on the marketing of the company on varied social media channels Measurement: In order to meet the expectations of social media promotions, we will use infographics and varied types of content to promote the brand We will ask questions to the public, hold polls and share quizzes to get more interaction Achievable: The objectives can be easily met by the our team since we have the required amount of experience to take care of the objectives in question The company has been successful in similar projects in the past and has been able to provide the necessary types of results as the brand demands Relevant: Since social media is among the most preferred platforms for promotions today, it is one of the most reliable and relevant solutions for brands across the globe The company can increase sales by uploading products on Facebook and promoting the products on other channels such as Pinterest and Instagram. Other social media channels will be able to get feedback from customers while the promotions are in progress. Time Oriented: The plan is time oriented since social media promotions take time but showcase results from day one. The time we start the promotions of the products of the company, interactions will start coming in instantly. Hence the time orientation factor is stable and we are confident of providing the best results to the company within a time span of 3 - 4 months. Ensure Campaign Objectives are feasible, given the constraints of time, budget, product and market factors. The campaign objectives are feasible, economical and will fit the constraints of time since Social Media offers results from the first day itself. Since the products are already popular in some parts of the region, we shall be able to create a brand presence in the specific region first and then move onto other cities. The market factors are favorable since the product is a common product that is used by majority of the women and children in the region. State campaign objectives in measurable terms and identify the nature and extent of what the advertising is to accomplish The campaign objectives are measurable since there will be 1 posting each day about the varied products of the company. The postings will include graphics and relevant content that shall include a brief description about the product and why it should be used. Advertising is expected to help the company generate sales. Since we will be using the Boost Post feature with discounts and offers provided by the company, we are extremely confident that we will be able to achieve the objectives set in by the Brand in question. We cannot lay out the exact number of the sales of the products and the amount of revenue we shall be able to generate for the company; however, we are pretty confident about the fact that we shall be increasing the likes and followers of the product and brand on social media from time to time. Ensure campaign objectives take into consideration factors which may affect consumer responses. The factors that may affect the consumer responses include the pricing of the products and the external factors due to which the sale may not be achieved. Also, the delivery timing provided by the customer may prove to be a deterrent in the overall sales of the products through social media as well. References Crichton, C. (2013). How to Write a Marketing Brief in 10 Simple Steps. Watertight Marketing. MDG Advertising. (2011). Advertising and Marketing Blog: Eight Principles of Advertising Ethics.

Multi-draft narrative of Mr Nobody Essay Example

Multi-draft narrative of Mr Nobody Paper Directed and written by Jack Van Dermal, Mr.. Nobody is a brilliant film that portrays the timeless theme of lifes choices and possibilities in a refreshing and dazzling manner. Despite the complex and unconventional narrative structure of the plot, Dermal demonstrates his extraordinary skills of storytelling through presenting to the audience a magnificent film with a form more complicated than Tom Testers Run Lola Run and a theme broader than Peter Hotpots primary focus on love in Sliding Doors. This essay will analyze how the the seven key conventions defined by Borrowed (2002) are defied by or applied on the films multi-draft narrative. The film begins with a montage showing four deaths of Memo at the age of 34him lying in morgue, him drowning in his car under water, him being shot in the bathtub, and him waking in an explosion of a space shuttle. The quick scenes are then closely followed by 118-year-old Memo waking up in 2092, looking as if he is confused over his own past. His memory appears to have paused in 2009 as he claims to be 34 years old. With the help of his doctor, Memo begins to recount his whole life right room the start. We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-draft narrative of Mr Nobody specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-draft narrative of Mr Nobody specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-draft narrative of Mr Nobody specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These parts of Memos story, his childhood and old age, are in a somewhat linear narration. The voice-over of young Memo explains that the unborn children know everything about the past and future until the Angels of Oblivion place a finger on their lips and make them forget. Being missed by the angels, Memo chooses his own parents and comes to the world knowing everything. He knows, from the very beginning, that certain things are meant to be. He also ponders upon existence and the irreversibility of time, which are brought up in the later parts of the elm over and over. At the age of 9, Memo realizes the difficulty of choosing and faces the first crossroad of his life, from which point the film complicates into a multi-draft narrative. We cannot go back. Thats why its hard to choose. You have to make the right choice. As long as you dont choose, everything remains possible. With that in mind, little Memo chooses not to make a choice between two kinds of dessert or among three of his future partners. The audiences see Memo marrying all three of them at the similar age but in different lives. All parallel narrative begins when Memo faces the most critical decision of his lifedeciding which parent he should live with after their separation. This can be seen as the first branching point of Memos lives. Memo marries three women, Anna, Elise and Jean, has different Jobs and dies in different incidents all in similar age, indicating that the film conforms to Bordellos fifth convention: forking paths often run parallel. In the first narrative, Memo follows his mother and falls in love with Anna. Choosing to stay with his father in the second ND third narratives, Memo falls for Elise and Jean respectively. In one of these two narratives Memo writes his own novel about traveling towards Mars on a shuttle, which makes the fourth narrative. Each of these forking paths is linear on its own, keeping to Bordellos first convention: each path, after it diverges, adheres to a strict In these parallel narratives, Memo keeps changing the courses whenever he encounters unpleasant incidences, such as the several deaths mentioned above. For example, in the second narrative, Memo falls in love with Elise who does not return is affection. Heartbroken, he gets into a horrible bike accident and becomes paralyzed. Yet as soon as the viceroy says Vive got to get out of here. Go back. Before the accident, the audiences watch the accident rewind and Memo making a slightly different decision then eventually marrying the girl of his dreams. The protagonist defies death and reverses time. Here, the film adheres to the sixth convention: the forking paths presuppose the previous ones, as Memo makes the wiser choice in the second narrative. On the whole, Memo wants to reinvent his own life while the doctor and the interviewer aim to make sense of Memos stories and find out which of them is true. In this sense, it can be said that the characters of Mr. Nobody are somewhat goal- oriented. Everything you say is contradictory. You cant have been in one place and another at the same time. Of all those lives, which one is the right one? asks the interviewer. This line shows that the film is self-reflective as it is clearly aware of the nature of its unconventional narrative. The forking paths of Memo consist of recurrent characters and background conditions across the different lines of action (Waded, 2009) which is Bordellos third convention. For instance, whichever path Memo takes, he always runs into Anna, the woman who loves him as much as he does her. Not only does it show the intersection of the multiplicity, it also highlights the love theme of the filmone cannot possibly be happy with someone if the affection is not mutual. That is why Memo is not happy with either Elise or Jean. As Memo changes the course of his lives repeatedly, the audiences could not help but ender which fragment is his real life and whether the things he says are true at all, especially when all his alternative lives literally collide together towards the end of Memos recollection. In the narrative where he stays with his dad, marries but loses Elise to an accident, Memo escapes the death of drowning that he would have had in another narrative, but is told by his neighbor that he is drowned. The Memo in yet another narrative who is typing in a house then finds himself in danger of drowning as the house is suddenly flooded with water. Multiple circular narratives merge into nee. Towards the end, the seemingly linear narrative of the entire film is broken down as 118-year-old Memo tells the interviewer that neither of them really exists, because they are only imagined by a nine year old child faced with an impossible choice. Memo eventually dies at the time he has predicted he would, but as soon as he does, time rewinds quickly all the way to his childhood, echoing with Memos earlier statement to his younger self, For me, time is inverted. I start at the end of the story and go toward the beginning and confirming that he has truly always known everything about the past as well as the future. The film ends, leaving its audiences In conclusion, Mr. Nobody complies with four out of seven key conventions of Bordellos, showing that it goes beyond traditional narrative norms. The narrative might be more closed than open in each single forking path, but it is definitely open in terms of the whole film. The mysteries of Memos life have not been solved, leaving the audiences with plenty information gaps and room for interpretation. Nonetheless, the director has made his point rather explicitly through Memos answer o the interviewers confusion, Each of these lives is the right one!

Pat Parker Associates †Harvard Business School Case Study

Pat Parker Associates – Harvard Business School Case Study Free Online Research Papers Critical Issues The Pat Parker Associates case, written in 1995 by Mursten in the Harvard Business Review raises several points that should be considered when dealing with intellectual property matters. We need to clearly understand who owns the copyright to a report prepared by a firm for a client. The fair use defense to a copyright infringement can be complex and difficult to prove. The work for hire doctrine needs to be applied to the case in order to assign copyright ownership. Using sound business judgment in negotiations and following a code of ethics should have more weight on decisions than the legal implications. If something is legal to conduct, then this doesn’t mean it is an ethical action. Ignorance is not always a viable defense for permitting a civil wrong to take place. Questions need to be asked in order for individuals to make the most informed decisions. These critical issues will all come into play as we take a closer look at the Parker case and are able to draw some conclusions. Campaign Research Consultant Parker’s business operations are basically a fact-finding service. His firm researches political candidates and reports back on their voting history, prime and co-sponsored bills, and attendance records. It also looks at financial disclosures, gift reports, lawsuits, general public records, and non-legislative activities (Mursten, 1995). Information is gathered, organized, and presented to the client. The actions that the client decides to take based on the information gathered is independent of the work that the consultant was paid to do. Opinions are not generated, but inconsistencies and weaknesses are drawn out. Parker’s firm can also be utilized to consult on political advertising campaigns while they are in the development stages (Mursten, 1995). Use of the Research Report Created for Dale Jackson Parker had no way of knowing if the research he compiled for Dale Jackson was ever used. Jackson decided not to publicly address any of the voting disparities of Paine (Mursten, 1995). This did not mean that his campaign discarded the research report. He could have used the information to prepare for a debate or could have used it in general discussions he had with other legislators throughout the election process. Sometimes you just want to know what your opponent’s weaknesses are so you are equipped in case you are caught off guard with the media. It would also help to be prepared if your opponent decided to attack your own voting record. You are armed with ammunition but don’t always have to use it. In my opinion, reading the information that was provided in the report meant that Jackson’s campaign used the research. Use of a Copy of the Research Report by the SATL Parker never asked what the State Academy of Trial Lawyers (SATL) intended to use the research report for. What did they want the purchase to accomplish? Since ethics came into play regarding his final decision, he had the right to ask questions that would help him make that decision. The SATL would have the right to decline to give a reason. Parker was forced to speculate that the SATL would use the report to be aware of any potential criticisms of Paine. Their intentions were likely noble as they prepared to work on his next campaign. Parker had no way of knowing or controlling how they would ultimately use the information provided. Legal Implications of Political Campaign Actions It would be illegal for the SATL to give the research report to the Paine campaign. Cash gifts up to $250,000 could be bundled from 500 individuals and be considered a legal campaign contribution. According to the state campaign financing statutes, giving in-kind gifts in excess of $500 was a criminal action (Mursten, 1995). In-kind gifts did not qualify for the bundling exception. If Parker sold the research to the SATL knowing that they would give it to Paine, he could be implicated as aiding in the crime and held accountable for a misdemeanor (Mursten, 1995). It would be possible for the SATL to in turn sell the research to the Paine campaign. It this occurred, the transaction would be indicated in the official spending reports. The SATL could also donate the research to the Republican Party. The Republican Party could then donate the research to the campaign of the Republican nominee. According to Mursten, â€Å"Under state campaign financing law, registered political p arties were exempt from the $500 contribution limit.† This would likely provide a loophole to the campaign gift policies. Parker could not be held liable if Paine used the research information to violate the new Florida Voluntary Code of Fair Campaign Practices. If Paine publicly announced his support for the code and then violated it with research conducted by Parker’s firm, then Paine should be held accountable. Parker also could not legally distribute a copy of the postcard from the Jackson campaign since his firm did not create the marketing piece. He merely reviewed the postcard for accuracy and had no rights to the product. Every functional area in the business world has legal exposure (Baumer, 2001). Each business needs to identify what their largest exposures are and determine how they can best be contained. Copyright Law The Agreement for Campaign Research and Consulting Services limited the use of the research report by the client for a specific period of time coinciding with a specific election campaign (Exhibit 8). The Agreement did not limit the future use of the research report by Parker’s firm. Since it did not specifically limit the use of the research, then Parker interpreted the contract to read that his firm could use it again for hire. Parker also felt that the campaign could not claim the copyright since a copyright disclosure was omitted on the document. The Copyright Act of 1976 does not require a copyright symbol to appear on a work in order for it to be covered by copyright protection. The Act only requires the work to be original and fixed (Wikepedia, 2006). The question regarding who owns the copyright still must be answered. The Agreement and disclosure statements on the report address when the report can be used and who has the right to use it (Mursten, 1995). These documents never mention that Parker’s firm retains the original copyright to the work and can republish it in the future. Because these statements don’t exist, there can be considerable debate regarding who should own the copyright. Work For Hire As a general rule the author of the work owns the copyright. The Copyright Act of 1976 contains an exception called the â€Å"work for hire† doctrine. If the â€Å"work for hire† doctrine can be proven in a specific case, then the person or company that the work was created for would own the copyright (Developer, 2006). The work for hire doctrine applies when an employee creates a product within the scope of his/her employment or in a situation where a certain type of work is specially ordered or commissioned by which an express agreement is considered for hire (Developer, 2006). Since Parker is an outside consultant or a contractor, and not an employee, the â€Å"work for hire† doctrine would not apply under the first part of the test. The work was specifically ordered, it is new, and it could be classified under the compilation category in the Copyright Act of 1976 if there were an agreement that expressly stated that the work was made for hire (Developer, 2006). Since this statement did not exist, the second part of the test also favors Parker’s interpretation. This scenario would not be considered work for hire(,) and Parker would retain the copyrights. The copyright ownership issue should always be addressed with the assistance of legal counsel in preparing the agreement. Transfer of Ownership It would be possible for the Jackson campaign to transfer the ownership of the copyright if the contract were negotiated as a work for hire. They could even authorize the sale of the copyright and reap the financial rewards of the transaction. It would be difficult to determine if the Jackson campaign would easily give up the copyright or refuse the request. Since they are no longer in the political circuit, they may be willing to share the information. On the other hand, they may feel that the information would create a disadvantage for the Democratic Party and decline the transfer request. Fair Use Under the Copyright Act of 1976, the fair use of copyrighted work does not infringe a copyright. Fair use is generally permitted for criticism, news reporting, teaching, scholarship or research purposes (Wikipedia, 2006). Fair use is further determined based on the character of the use, nature of the copyrighted work, amount of the original work used and the effect it will have on the demand for the original work (Wikipedia, 2006). If it were determined that the Jackson campaign owned the copyright, Parker could argue that the reproduction of the research reports fall under fair use of a copyrighted work. The main use would be for research purposes and would not be disclosed publicly. An individual should have a right to obtain a copy of materials written about their own character provided discretion is used and public criticism of the work is not made. It is legal for Parker to resell the report, but not sell the postcards. Ethical Issues Parker felt uncertain about the request for information soon after receiving the phone call from the SATL. He questioned if he should even be taking on the contract. Parker’s gut feeling told him that something didn’t feel right about the request (Mursten, 1995). As a rule of ethics, if you immediately question an action, then you should spend a considerable amount of time conducting research in order to justify the action you decide to take. If you feel uneasy about performing a service or action, then you have the right to turn down the business without providing a detailed explanation. Parker also felt like he had nobody to turn to for advice with his firm (Mursten, 1995). He felt pressured as the sole decision maker of the firm to make the right decision. I don’t see anything wrong with the SATL’s request to purchase old research. I do have a concern about the price that they are willing to pay for the data. They are willing to pay full price for research that has already been conducted and paid for by another client. Are they coming in with a high offer in order to deter Parker from considering the ethical and legal implications of their request? Appropriate Ethical Action When the request for information was made Parker, he should have replied that he would retrieve the old contract and get back in touch with the SATL regarding his ability to meet their request. Parker should have taken a few days to consider all of his options and seek advice. Since he had nobody to turn to within the company for guidance, he should have leveraged his extensive political network. He should have been able to identify a few individuals that worked in legislature that would be able to provide an unbiased opinion on the subject. Parker should also revise his standard client agreement in order to clearly state who retains the copyright for the product produced. He needs to eliminate any confusion and can work with an attorney to draft the agreement. I do not feel that he should resell the report to the SATL since they are likely to use it to aid the Republican candidate. Conclusion Parker needed to ask more questions regarding how the research would be used and whom it would be disseminated to within the political arena. In order to make a well-informed decision, he needed to have all of his concerns addressed. If he were not able to obtain answers to all of his questions, then he should have declined the offer. If he were comfortable that selling the research would not violate any copyright laws, state legislature, or prior contracts, then he had an ethical duty to sell it for a fair price. He has an ethical duty not to sell the research. In my opinion, $25,000 is not a fair asking price for a report that already exists and would take minimal time and effort to reproduce. An asking price of $10,000 would be more appropriate for all parties involved. Copies of the postcards created for the Jackson campaign should not be included since a different marketing consultant created them. It would be copyright infringement to sell the postcards. Parker has wor ked hard to establish his firm as the â€Å"Party’s choice† for Democrats. (Mursten, 1995). He has a loyal customer base that values the work that he has conducted over the years. He would get negative press if word leaked out that he sold a report originally contracted by a Democrat to the Republicans. He would be disloyal to his former client, whether anyone knew about it or not. It would look like he was abandoning that party in favor of financial rewards. According to Baumer, managers should be mindful of the legal pitfalls that can confront their company. Parker should be able to get through this scenario on all of the legal technicalities. He does retain the copyright ownership since the work for hire doctrine does not apply. He could still be challenged to defend his position. I don’t think it is worth the time or effort to put up a fight to defend these actions. He could get sued and have to spend money on attorneys and time in court. His free time is worth more to him than the price of the contract. He should weigh ethics above all else and decline the request. He would not lose any clients by turning down the business and his reputation in the industry would still be intact. Parker has always worked for Democrats and the client who paid for the report was a Democratic organization. The SATL likely supports the Republican candidate. This puts Parker in a conflict of interest position. He has fostered loyalty to the Democrats, and resale of the report to the SATL would appear disloyal. References: Baumer/Poindexter: Cyberlaw E-Commerce (2001). Ch. 1 Developer. developerdotstar.com. Who Owns Your Software? Software Copyright and the Work for Hire Doctrine. 2006. developerdotstar.com/mag/articles/daniels_softwarecopyright.html Exhibit 8. Mursten, D.B. (1995). Agreement. Pat Parker Associates. Harvard Business School Publishing. Mursten, D. B. (1995). Pat Parker Associates. 9-393-059. Harvard Business School Publishing. Wikipedia.com (2006). Copyright Act of 1976. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Act_of_1976 Research Papers on Pat Parker Three Concepts of PsychodynamicCapital PunishmentResearch Process Part OneStandardized TestingPETSTEL analysis of IndiaGenetic EngineeringEffects of Television Violence on Children

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